GENUINE ALLIGATOR HEAD

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Findsen, Anders; Crossley, Dane A.; Wang, Tobias (2018-01-01). "Feeding alters blood flow patterns in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 215: 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.001. ISSN 1095-6433. PMID 28958765. Kaku, Michio (March 2011). Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny And Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100. Doubleday. pp.150, 151. ISBN 978-0-385-53080-4. Alligators are raised commercially for their meat and their skin, which when tanned is used for the manufacture of luggage, handbags, shoes, belts, and other leather items. Alligators also provide economic benefits through the ecotourism industry. Visitors may take swamp tours, in which alligators are a feature. Their most important economic benefit to humans may be the control of nutrias and muskrats. [26] Answers to Some Nagging Questions". The Washington Post. 2008-01-17. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2023-02-10. a b Pan, T.; Miao, J.-S.; Zhang, H.-B.; Yan, P.; Lee, P.-S.; Jiang, X.-Y.; Ouyang, J.-H.; Deng, Y.-P.; Zhang, B.-W.; Wu, X.-B. (2020). "Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1075–1089. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa074.

Functioning salt glands: Crocodilians have modified salivary glands called salt glands on their tongues, but while these organs still excrete salt in crocodiles and gharials, those in most alligators and caimans have lost this ability, or excrete it in only extremely small quantities. [60] The ability to excrete excess salt allows crocodiles to better tolerate life in saline water and migrating through it. [60] Because alligators and caimans have lost this ability, they are largely restricted to freshwater habitats, although larger alligators do sometimes live in tidal mangroves and in very rare cases in coastal areas. [60] Although the alligator has a heavy body and a slow metabolism, it is capable of short bursts of speed, especially in very short lunges. Alligators' main prey are smaller animals they can kill and eat with a single bite. They may kill larger prey by grabbing it and dragging it into the water to drown. Alligators consume food that cannot be eaten in one bite by allowing it to rot or by biting and then performing a "death roll", spinning or convulsing wildly until bite-sized chunks are torn off. Critical to the alligator's ability to initiate a death roll, the tail must flex to a significant angle relative to its body. An alligator with an immobilized tail cannot perform a death roll. [31] International Food Information Service (2009). IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. p.15. ISBN 978-1-4051-8740-4. Bondavalli, C., and R. E. Ulanowicz. 1998. Unexpected effects of predators upon their prey: The case of the American alligator. Ecosystems 2: 49–63.a b Brochu, C.A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 6: 9–100. doi: 10.2307/3889340. JSTOR 3889340. An average adult American alligator's weight and length is 360kg (790lb) and 4m (13ft), but they sometimes grow to 4.4m (14ft) long and weigh over 450kg (990lb). [10] The largest ever recorded, found in Louisiana, measured 5.84m (19.2ft). [11] The Chinese alligator is smaller, rarely exceeding 2.1m (7ft) in length. Additionally, it weighs considerably less, with males rarely over 45kg (100lb).

Fish, Frank E.; Bostic, Sandra A.; Nicastro, Anthony J.; Beneski, John T. (2007). "Death roll of the alligator: mechanics of twist feeding in water". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (16): 2811–2818. doi: 10.1242/jeb.004267. PMID 17690228. S2CID 8402869. Can Animals Predict Disaster? – Listening to Infrasound | Nature". PBS. 2004-12-26 . Retrieved 2013-11-27. a b c d e f g h i Britton, Adam. "FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: What's the difference between a crocodile and an alligator?". Crocodilian Biology Database. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2017. Farmer, C. G.; Sanders, K. (January 2010). "Unidirectional Airflow in the Lungs of Alligators". Science. 327 (5963): 338–340. Bibcode: 2010Sci...327..338F. doi: 10.1126/science.1180219. PMID 20075253. S2CID 206522844. a b Dundee, H. A., and D. A. Rossman. 1989. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Tang, Ke-Yi; Wang, Zhen-Wei; Wan, Qiu-Hong; Fang, Sheng-Guo (2019). "Metagenomics Reveals Seasonal Functional Adaptation of the Gut Microbiome to Host Feeding and Fasting in the Chinese Alligator". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 2409. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02409. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6824212. PMID 31708889. a b "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved 2018-10-25. Description An 1854 watercolor painting of an alligator from the Cayman Islands by Jacques Burkhardt. Brochu, C. A. (2011). "Phylogenetic relationships of Necrosuchus ionensis Simpson, 1937 and the early history of caimanines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 163: S228–S256. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00716.x.

Most of the muscle in an alligator's jaw evolved to bite and grip prey. The muscles that close the jaws are powerful, but the muscles for opening their jaws are weak. As a result, an adult human can hold an alligator's jaws shut bare-handed. It is common to use several wraps of duct tape to prevent an adult alligator from opening its jaws when being handled or transported. [32] American Heritage Dictionaries (2007). Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries: English Words That Come From Spanish. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 13–15. ISBN 9780618910540. Alligator mississippiensis". alligatorfur.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05 . Retrieved 2016-05-01.The name "alligator" is likely an anglicized form of el lagarto, the Spanish term for "the lizard", which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. [2] Early English spellings of the name included allagarta and alagarto. [3] Evolution American Alligator and our National Parks". eparks.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2016-05-01.

Alligators also have complex microbiomes that are not fully understood yet, but can be attributed to both benefits and costs to the animal. These microorganisms can be found in the high surface area of the mucosa folds of the intestines, as well as throughout the digestive tract. Benefits include better total health and stronger immune system. However alligators are still vulnerable to microbial infections despite the immune boost from other microbiota. [51] Kay, Jarren C.; Elsey, Ruth M.; Secor, Stephen M. (2020-05-01). "Modest Regulation of Digestive Performance Is Maintained through Early Ontogeny for the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 93 (4): 320–338. doi: 10.1086/709443. ISSN 1522-2152. PMID 32492358. S2CID 219057993. Large male alligators are solitary territorial animals. Smaller alligators can often be found in large numbers close to each other. The largest of the species (both males and females) defend prime territory; smaller alligators have a higher tolerance for other alligators within a similar size class. Alligators and caimans split in North America during the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous (about 53 million to about 65 million years ago). [4] [5] The Chinese alligator split from the American alligator about 33 million years ago [4] and probably descended from a lineage that crossed the Bering land bridge during the Neogene. The modern American alligator is well represented in the fossil record of the Pleistocene. [1] The alligator's full mitochondrial genome was sequenced in the 1990s. [6] The full genome, published in 2014, suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds. [7] PhylogenyCraighead, F. C., Sr. (1968). The role of the alligator in shaping plant communities and maintaining wildlife in the southern Everglades. The Florida Naturalist, 41, 2–7, 69–74. Delany, Michael F; Woodward, Allan R; Kiltie, Richard A; Moore, Clinton T (20 May 2011). "Mortality of American Alligators Attributed to Cannibalism". Herpetologica. 67 (2): 174–185. doi: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-10-00040.1. S2CID 85198798.